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RCE in Apache Airflow example_xcom DAG pattern

IdentifiersCVE-2025-54550CWE-94· Improper Control of Generation of…

CVE-2025-54550 is a low-severity arbitrary code execution issue associated with the example_xcom DAG pattern documented for Apache Airflow. The documented example read values from XCom using an unsafe pattern that, under a race-condition scenario, could be abused by a UI user who had permission to modify XCom entries. By altering XCom data before it was consumed by the worker, the attacker could cause attacker-controlled content to be processed in a way that resulted in arbitrary code execution on the worker. Apache stated that the Airflow release itself was not directly affected because example_dags are not intended to be enabled in production, but users who copied or implemented the documented pattern in their own DAGs could reproduce the vulnerability. Documentation for Airflow 3.2.0 includes a more resilient version of the example.

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ANALYST BRIEF

Impact, mitigation & remediation

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Impact

What an attacker gets, and what they’ve been doing with it.

Successful exploitation allows a trusted but lower-tier UI user with XCom modification capability to execute arbitrary code on an Airflow worker. This can lead to compromise of the worker process and its execution context, including access to task data, credentials available to the worker, and the ability to run arbitrary commands within the privileges of the Airflow worker service. Apache assessed the issue as low severity because exploitation requires a highly trusted UI user role and the vulnerable pattern was present in example documentation rather than intended production code.

Mitigation

If you can’t patch tonight, do this now.

Do not enable or deploy example_dags in production environments. Restrict UI permissions that allow modification of XComs to only the smallest possible set of highly trusted administrators. Audit DAGs for logic copied from example_xcom and disable or rewrite affected workflows until corrected. Treat XCom contents as untrusted data, avoid dynamic execution based on XCom values, and monitor for unexpected XCom modifications or anomalous worker task behavior that could indicate exploitation attempts.

Remediation

Patch, then assume compromise.

Upgrade to or use the Apache Airflow 3.2.0 documentation/example pattern, which Apache states contains an improved and more resilient implementation. Review any custom DAGs or internal examples derived from example_xcom and remove the unsafe XCom-reading pattern. Refactor implementations so that XCom values are treated as untrusted input and are not consumed in a way that can trigger code execution. If example_dags were enabled or copied into production-like environments, replace those implementations with the corrected pattern and validate permissions around XCom modification.
PUBLIC EXPLOITS

Exploits

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VALID 0 / 0 TOTALView more in app

No public exploit code observed for this vulnerability.

EXPOSURE SURFACE

Affected products & vendors

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VendorProductType
Apache Software FoundationAirflowapplication

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ACTIVITY FEED

Recent activity

4 sources tracked across advisories and community write-ups. News coverage will land here when it surfaces.

No news coverage yet. Advisories and community discussion only.

What this page doesn’t show

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Exposure mapping

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Threat actor evidence

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Associated malware

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Detection signatures

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Vendor-by-vendor mapping

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Social activity4

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